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| ^ BookOfBible |
BookOfIsaiah
| Isaiah: | AUTHOR: Isaiah - 700 B.C. - OLD TESTAMENT - Major Prophets |
| strongs@Isaiah:1 | ISAIAH - This book, as is true of all the prophetical books, derives its name from the prophet whose messages it records. The unity of Isaiah, a problem related to authorship and contents, has been the subject of much debate. The message of the book is twofold: judgment upon Judah for her sins (1-39), and comfort and hope for an exiled people (40-66). In these messages of encouragement are found some of the most graphic portrayals of the Messiah in the Old Testament. |
Quoted resource: easton 'Isaiah'
Isaiah @ (Heb. Yesh'yahu, i.e., "the salvation of Jehovah"). (1.) The son of Amoz strongs@Isaiah:1:1 strongs@Isaiah:2:1), who was apparently a man of humble rank. His wife was called "the prophetess" (8:3), either because she was endowed with the prophetic gift, like Deborah strongs@Judges:4:4) and Huldah ( strongs@2Kings:22:14-20), or simply because she was the wife of "the prophet" strongs@Isaiah:38:1). He had two sons, who bore symbolical names. He exercised the functions of his office during the reigns of Uzziah (or Azariah), Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (1:1). Uzziah reigned fifty-two years (B.C. 810-759), and Isaiah must have begun his career a few years before Uzziah's death, probably B.C. 762. He lived till the fourteenth year of Hezekiah, and in all likelihood outlived that monarch (who died B.C. 698), and may have been contemporary for some years with Manasseh. Thus Isaiah may have prophesied for the long period of at least sixty-four years. His first call to the prophetical office is not recorded. A second call came to him "in the year that King Uzziah died" strongs@Isaiah:6:1). He exercised his ministry in a spirit of uncompromising firmness and boldness in regard to all that bore on the interests of religion. He conceals nothing and keeps nothing back from fear of man. He was also noted for his spirituality and for his deep-toned reverence toward "the holy One of Israel." In early youth Isaiah must have been moved by the invasion of Israel by the Assyrian monarch Pul (q.v.), strongs@2Kings:15:19; and again, twenty years later, when he had already entered on his office, by the invasion of Tiglath-pileser and his career of conquest. Ahaz, king of Judah, at this crisis refused to co-operate with the kings of Israel and Syria in opposition to the Assyrians, and was on that account attacked and defeated by Rezin of Damascus and Pekah of Samaria ( strongs@2Kings:16:5; strongs@2Chronicals:28:5-6). Ahaz, thus humbled, sided with Assyria, and sought the aid of Tiglath-pileser against Israel and Syria. The consequence was that Rezin and Pekah were conquered and many of the people carried captive to Assyria ( strongs@2Kings:15:29 strongs@2Kings:16:9; strongs@1Chronicles:5:26). Soon after this Shalmaneser determined wholly to subdue the kingdom of Israel. Samaria was taken and destroyed (B.C. 722). So long as Ahaz reigned, the kingdom of Judah was unmolested by the Assyrian power; but on his accession to the throne, Hezekiah (B.C. 726), who "rebelled against the king of Assyria" ( strongs@2Kings:18:7), in which he was encouraged by Isaiah, who exhorted the people to place all their dependence on Jehovah strongs@Isaiah:10:24 strongs@Isaiah:37:6), entered into an alliance with the king of Egypt strongs@Isaiah:30:2-4). This led the king of Assyria to threaten the king of Judah, and at length to invade the land. Sennacherib (B.C. 701) led a powerful army into Palestine. Hezekiah was reduced to despair, and submitted to the Assyrians ( strongs@2Kings:18:14-16). But after a brief interval war broke out again, and again Sennacherib (q.v.) led an army into Palestine, one detachment of which threatened Jerusalem strongs@Isaiah:36:2-22 strongs@Isaiah:37:8). Isaiah on that occasion encouraged Hezekiah to resist the Assyrians (37:1-7), whereupon Sennacherib sent a threatening letter to Hezekiah, which he "spread before the Lord" (37:14). The judgement of God now fell on the Assyrian host. "Like Xerxes in Greece, Sennacherib never recovered from the shock of the disaster in Judah. He made no more expeditions against either Southern Palestine or Egypt." The remaining years of Hezekiah's reign were peaceful ( strongs@2Chronicals:32:23 strongs@2Chronicals:32:27-29). Isaiah probably lived to its close, and possibly into the reign of Manasseh, but the time and manner of his death are unknown. There is a tradition that he suffered martyrdom in the heathen reaction in the time of Manasseh (q.v.). (2.) One of the heads of the singers in the time of David ( strongs@1Chronicles:25:3 strongs@1Chronicles:25:15, "Jeshaiah"). (3.) A Levite ( strongs@1Chronicles:26:25). (4.) strongs@Ezra:8:7. (5.) strongs@Nehemiah:11:7.
Isaiah, The Book of @ consists of prophecies delivered Isaiah:1) in the reign of Uzziah (1-5), (2) of Jotham (6), (3) Ahaz (7-14:28), (4) the first half of Hezekiah's reign (14:28-35), (5) the second half of Hezekiah's reign (36-66). Thus, counting from the fourth year before Uzziah's death (B.C. 762) to the last year of Hezekiah (B.C. 698), Isaiah's ministry extended over a period of sixty-four years. He may, however, have survived Hezekiah, and may have perished in the way indicated above. The book, as a whole, has been divided into three main parts: (1.) The first thirty-five chapters, almost wholly prophetic, Israel's enemy Assyria, present the Messiah as a mighty Ruler and King. (2.) Four chapters are historical (36-39), relating to the times of Hezekiah. (3.) Prophetical (40-66), Israel's enemy Babylon, describing the Messiah as a suffering victim, meek and lowly. The genuineness of the section strongs@Isaiah:40-66 has been keenly opposed by able critics. They assert that it must be the production of a deutero-Isaiah, who lived toward the close of the Babylonian captivity. This theory was originated by Koppe, a German writer at the close of the last century. There are other portions of the book also (e.g., ch. 13; 24-27; and certain verses in ch. 14 and 21) which they attribute to some other prophet than Isaiah. Thus they say that some five or seven, or even more, unknown prophets had a hand in the production of this book. The considerations which have led to such a result are various: (1.) They cannot, as some say, conceive it possible that Isaiah, living in B.C. 700, could foretell the appearance and the exploits of a prince called Cyrus, who would set the Jews free from captivity one hundred and seventy years after. (2.) It is alleged that the prophet takes the time of the Captivity as his standpoint, and speaks of it as then present; and (3) that there is such a difference between the style and language of the closing section (40-66) and those of the preceding chapters as to necessitate a different authorship, and lead to the conclusion that there were at least two Isaiahs. But even granting the fact of a great diversity of style and language, this will not necessitate the conclusion attempted to be drawn from it. The diversity of subjects treated of and the peculiarities of the prophet's position at the time the prophecies were uttered will sufficiently account for this. The arguments in favour of the unity of the book are quite conclusive. When the LXX. version was made (about B.C. 250) the entire contents of the book were ascribed to Isaiah, the son of Amoz. It is not called in question, moreover, that in the time of our Lord the book existed in the form in which we now have it. Many prophecies in the disputed portions are quoted in the New Testament as the words of Isaiah strongs@Matthew:3:3; strongs@Luke:3:4-6 strongs@Luke:4:16-41; strongs@John:12:38; strongs@Acts:8:28; strongs@Romans:10:16-21). Universal and persistent tradition has ascribed the whole book to one author. Besides this, the internal evidence, the similarity in the language and style, in the thoughts and images and rhetorical ornaments, all points to the same conclusion; and its local colouring and allusions show that it is obviously of Palestinian origin. The theory therefore of a double authorship of the book, much less of a manifold authorship, cannot be maintained. The book, with all the diversity of its contents, is one, and is, we believe, the production of the great prophet whose name it bears.
| strongs@2Kings:19:20-37 | Isaiah Prophesies Sennacherib's Fall |
| strongs@Isaiah:1:1 | Introduction |
| strongs@Isaiah:1:2-31 | A Rebellious Nation |
| strongs@Isaiah:2:1-5 | The Mountain of the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:2:6-22 | The Day of the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:3:1-4:1 | Judgment on Jerusalem and Judah |
| strongs@Isaiah:4:2-6 | The Branch of the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:5:1-7 | The Song of the Vineyard |
| strongs@Isaiah:5:8-30 | Woes and Judgments |
| strongs@Isaiah:6 | Isaiah's Commission |
| strongs@Isaiah:7 | The Sign of Immanuel |
| strongs@Isaiah:8:1-10 | Assyria, the LORD'S Instrument |
| strongs@Isaiah:8:11-22 | Fear God |
| strongs@Isaiah:9:1-7 | To Us a Child Is Born |
| strongs@Isaiah:9:8-10:4 | The LORD'S Anger Against Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:10:5-19 | God's Judgment on Assyria |
| strongs@Isaiah:10:20-34 | The Remnant of Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:11 | The Branch From Jesse |
| strongs@Isaiah:12 | Songs of Praise |
| strongs@Isaiah:13:1-14:23 | A Prophecy Against Babylon |
| strongs@Isaiah:14:24-27 | A Prophecy Against Assyria |
| strongs@Isaiah:14:28-32 | A Prophecy Against the Philistines |
| strongs@Isaiah:15-16 | A Prophecy Against Moab |
| strongs@Isaiah:17 | An Oracle Against Damascus |
| strongs@Isaiah:18 | A Prophecy Against Cush |
| strongs@Isaiah:19 | A Prophecy About Egypt |
| strongs@Isaiah:20 | A Prophecy Against Egypt and Cush |
| strongs@Isaiah:21:1-12 | A Prophecy Against Babylon |
| strongs@Isaiah:21:13-17 | A Prophecy Against Arabia |
| strongs@Isaiah:22 | A Prophecy About Jersalem |
| strongs@Isaiah:23 | A Prophecy About Tyre |
| strongs@Isaiah:24 | The LORD'S Devastation of the Earth |
| strongs@Isaiah:25 | Praise to the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:26 | A Song of Praise |
| strongs@Isaiah:27 | Deliverance of Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:28 | Woe to Ephraim |
| strongs@Isaiah:29 | Woe to David's City |
| strongs@Isaiah:30 | Woe to the Obstinate Nation |
| strongs@Isaiah:31 | Woe to Those Who Rely on Egypt |
| strongs@Isaiah:32:1-8 | The Kingdom of Righteousness |
| strongs@Isaiah:32:9-20 | The Women of Jersalem |
| strongs@Isaiah:33 | Distress and Help |
| strongs@Isaiah:34 | Judgment Against the Nations |
| strongs@Isaiah:35 | Joy of the Redeemed |
| strongs@Isaiah:36 | Sennacherib Threatens Jersalem |
| strongs@Isaiah:37:1-13 | Jersalem's Deliverance Foretold |
| strongs@Isaiah:37:14-20 | Hezekiah's Prayer |
| strongs@Isaiah:37:21-38 | Sennacherib's Fall |
| strongs@Isaiah:38 | Hezekiah's Illness |
| strongs@Isaiah:39 | Envoys From Babylon |
| strongs@Isaiah:40 | Comfort for God's People |
| strongs@Isaiah:41 | The Helper of Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:42:1-9 | The Servant of the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:42:10-17 | Song of Praise to the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:42:18-25 | Israel Blind and Deaf |
| strongs@Isaiah:43:1-13 | Israel's Only Savior |
| strongs@Isaiah:43:14-28 | God's Mercy and Israel's Unfaithfulness |
| strongs@Isaiah:44:1-5 | Israel the Chosen |
| strongs@Isaiah:44:6-23 | The LORD, Not Idols |
| strongs@Isaiah:44:24-45:25 | Jersalem to Be Inhabited |
| strongs@Isaiah:46 | Gods of Babylon |
| strongs@Isaiah:47 | The Fall of Babylon |
| strongs@Isaiah:48:1-11 | Stubborn Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:48:12-22 | Israel Freed |
| strongs@Isaiah:49:1-7 | The Servant of the LORD |
| strongs@Isaiah:49:8-26 | Restoration of Israel |
| strongs@Isaiah:50 | Israel's Sin and the Servant's Obedience |
| strongs@Isaiah:51:1-16 | Everlasting Salvation for Zion |
| strongs@Isaiah:51:17-52:12 | The Cup of the LORD'S Wrath |
| strongs@Isaiah:52:13-53:12 | The Suffering and Glory of the Servant |
| strongs@Isaiah:54 | The Future Glory of Zion |
| strongs@Isaiah:55 | Invitation to the Thirsty |
| strongs@Isaiah:56:1-8 | Salvation for Others |
| strongs@Isaiah:56:9-57:13 | God's Accusation Against the Wicked |
| strongs@Isaiah:57:14-21 | Comfort for the Contrite |
| strongs@Isaiah:58 | True Fasting |
| strongs@Isaiah:59 | Sin, Confession and Redemption |
| strongs@Isaiah:60 | The Glory of Zion |
| strongs@Isaiah:61 | The Year of the LORD's Favor |
| strongs@Isaiah:62 | Zion's New Name |
| strongs@Isaiah:63:1-6 | God's Day of Vengeance and Redemption |
| strongs@Isaiah:63:7-64:12 | Praise and Prayer |
| strongs@Isaiah:65:1-16 | Judgment and Salvation |
| strongs@Isaiah:65:17-25 | New Heavens and a New Earth |
| strongs@Isaiah:66 | Judgment and Hope |
| ^ BookOfBible |
- Further Resources:
indexm:Isaiah mp3 - Audio links to Isaiah
indexm:Isaiah jpg - Image links to Isaiah
index:BIBLEMAPS Isaiah - Map links to Isaiah
McGeeIsaiah - Vernon Mc Gee commentary outlines on Isaiah
search-bdiscuss:RecentComments@Isaiah - Bible discussions on Isaiah
sn[ChapterStudyNew@Isaiah] - Chapter Studies on Isaiah
index:BIBLECHARACTERNAMES Isaiah - Character names found in Isaiah
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