2Corinthians:1
Seeker Overlay ON
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:2 @
Identical with strkjv @
1Corinthians:1:3 |
which see .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:3 @{
Blessed } (\
eulog
tos \).
From old verb \
euloge \,
to speak well of ,
but late verbal in LXX and Philo .
Used of men in strkjv @
Genesis:24:31 |,
but only of God in N .
T .
as in strkjv @
Luke:1:68 |
and chiefly in Paul (
2Corinthians:11:31 ;
strkjv @
Romans:1:25 |).
Paul has no thanksgiving or prayer as in strkjv @
1Corinthians:1:4-9 |,
but he finds his basis for gratitude in God ,
not in them . {
The God and Father } (\
ho theos kai pat
r \).
Songs:rightly ,
only one article with both substantives as in strkjv @
2Peter:1:1 |.
Paul gives the deity of Jesus Christ as our Lord (\
Kuriou \),
but he does not hesitate to use the language here as it occurs .
See strkjv @
1Peter:1:3 ;
strkjv @
Ephesians:1:3 |
where the language is identical with that here . {
The father of mercies } (\
ho pat
r t
n oiktirm
n \)
and God of all comfort (\
kai theos pas
s parakl
se
s \).
Paul adds an item to each word .
He is the compassionate Father characterized by mercies (\
oiktirm
n \,
old word from \
oikteir \,
to pity ,
and here in plural ,
emotions and acts of pity ).
He is the God of all comfort (\
parakl
se
s \,
old word from \
parakale \,
to call to one '
s side ,
common with Paul ).
Paul has already used it of God who gave eternal comfort (
2Thessalonians:2:16 |).
The English word comfort is from the Latin _confortis_
(
brave together ).
The word used by Jesus of the Holy Spirit as the Comforter or Paraklete is this very word (
John:14:16 ;
strkjv @
16:7 |).
Paul makes rich use of the verb \
parakale \
and the substantive \
parakl
sis \
in this passage (
3-7 |).
He urges all sorrowing and troubled hearts to find strength in God .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:4 @{
In all our affliction } (\
epi pas
i t
i thlipsei h
m
n \). \
Thlipsis \
is from \
thlib \,
to press ,
old and common word ,
as tribulation is from Latin _tribulum_
(
roller ).
See on ¯
Matthew:13:21 |
and strkjv @
1Thessalonians:1:6 |.
The English affliction is Latin _afflictio_
from _ad
- fligere_
,
to strike on . {
That we may be able to comfort } (\
eis to dunasthai h
mas parakalein \).
Purpose clause with \
eis \
and the articular infinitive with the accusative of general reference ,
a common idiom .
Paul here gives the purpose of affliction in the preacher '
s life ,
in any Christian '
s life ,
to qualify him for ministry to others .
Otherwise it will be professional and perfunctory . {
Wherewith } (\
h
s \).
Genitive case of the relative attracted to that of the antecedent \
parakl
se
s \.
The case of the relative here could have been either the accusative \
h
n \
with the passive verb retained as in strkjv @
Mark:10:38 |
or the instrumental \
h
i \.
Either is perfectly good Greek (
cf .
strkjv @
Ephesians:1:6 ;
strkjv @
4:1 |).
Personal experience of God '
s comfort is necessary before we can pass it on to others .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:5 @{
The sufferings of Christ } (\
ta path
mata tou Christou \).
Subjective genitive ,
Christ '
s own sufferings . {
Abound unto us } (\
perisseuei eis h
mas \).
Overflow unto us so that we suffer like sufferings and become fellow sufferers with Christ (
4:10f .;
strkjv @
Romans:8:17 ;
strkjv @
Phillipians:3:10 ;
strkjv @
Colossians:1:24 |). {
Through Christ } (\
dia tou Christou \).
The overflow (\
perisseuei \)
of comfort comes also through Christ .
Is Paul thinking of how some of the Jewish Christians in Corinth have become reconciled with him through Christ ?
Partnership with Christ in suffering brings partnership in glory also (
Romans:8:17 ;
strkjv @
1Peter:4:13 |).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:6 @{
Whether } (\
eite \) {--
or } (\
eite \).
The alternatives in Paul '
s experience (
afflicted \
thlibometha \,
comforted \
parakaloumetha \)
work out for their good when they are called on to endure like sufferings "
which we also suffer " (\
h
n kai h
meis paschomen \).
The relative \
h
n \
is attracted from neuter accusative plural \
ha \
to genitive case of the antecedent \
path
mat
n \ (
sufferings ).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:7 @{
Our hope for you } (\
h
elpis h
m
n huper hum
n \).
The old word \
elpis \,
from \
elpiz \,
to hope ,
has the idea of waiting with expectation and patience .
Songs:here it is "
steadfast " (\
bebaia \,
stable ,
fast ,
from \
bain \,
to plant the feet down ). {
Partakers } (\
koin
noi \).
Partners as in strkjv @
Luke:5:10 |.
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:8 @{
Concerning our affliction } (\
huper t
s thlipse
s h
m
n \).
Manuscripts read also \
peri \
for in the _Koin
_
\
huper \ (
over )
often has the idea of \
peri \ (
around ).
Paul has laid down his philosophy of afflictions and now he cites a specific illustration in his own recent experience . {
In Asia } (\
en Asi
i \).
Probably in Ephesus ,
but what it was we do not know whether sickness or peril .
We do know that the disciples and the Asiarchs would not allow Paul to face the mob in the amphitheatre gathered by Demetrius (
Acts:20:30f .|).
In strkjv @
Romans:16:4 |
Paul says that Prisca and Aquila laid down their necks for him ,
risked their very lives for him .
It may have been a later plot to kill Paul that hastened his departure from Ephesus (
Acts:20:1 |).
He had a trial so great that "
we were weighed down exceedingly beyond our power " (\
kath '
huperbol
n huper dunamin ebar
th
men \).
Old verb from \
baros \,
weight , \
barus \,
weighty .
First aorist passive indicative .
See on ¯
1Corinthians:12:31 |
for \
kath '
huperbol
n \ (
cf .
our hyperbole ).
It was beyond Paul '
s power to endure if left to himself . {
Insomuch that we despaired even of life } (\
h
ste exapor
th
nai h
mas kai tou z
in \).
Usual clause of result with \
h
ste \
and the infinitive .
First aorist passive infinitive \
exapor
th
nai \,
late compound for utter despair (
perfective use of \
ex \
and at a complete loss , \
a \
privative and \
poros \,
way ).
There seemed no way out . {
Of life } (\
tou z
in \).
Ablative case of the articular infinitive ,
of living .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:9 @{
Yea } (\
alla \).
Confirmatory use as in strkjv @
7:11 |,
rather than adversative . {
The answer of death } (\
to apokrima tou thanatou \)
This late word from \
apokrinomai \,
to reply ,
occurs nowhere else in N .
T .,
but is in Josephus ,
Polybius ,
inscriptions and papyri (
Deissmann ,
_Bible
Studies_
,
p .
257 ;
Moulton and Milligan '
s _Vocabulary_
),
and always in the sense of decision or judgment rendered .
But Vulgate renders it by _responsum_
and that idea suits best here ,
unless Paul conceives God as rendering the decision of death . {
We ourselves have had within ourselves } (\
autoi en heautois esch
kamen \).
Regular perfect of \
ech \,
to have .
And still have the vivid recollection of that experience .
For this lively dramatic use of the present perfect indicative for a past experience see also \
esch
ka \
in strkjv @
2:13 | (
Moulton ,
_Prolegomena_
,
p .
143f .;
Robertson ,
_Grammar_
,
p .
896f .). {
That we should not trust in ourselves } (\
hina m
pepoithotes
men eph '
heautois \).
A further purpose of God in affliction beyond that in verse 4 |. "
This dreadful trial was sent to him in order to give him a precious spiritual lesson (
12:7-10 |)" (
Robertson and Plummer ).
Note periphrastic perfect active subjunctive of \
peith \,
to persuade . {
In } (\
epi \),
upon ,
both ourselves and God .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:10 @{
Out of so great a death } (\
ek t
likoutou thanatou \).
He had considered himself as good as dead . {
Delivered } (\
erusato \) {--
will deliver } (\
rusetai \).
Old verb \
ru \,
middle , \
ruomai \,
draw oneself ,
as out of a pit ,
rescue .
Songs:Paul faces death without fear . {
On whom we have set our hope } (\
eis hon
lpikamen \).
Perfect active indicative of \
elpiz \.
We still have that hope ,
emphasized by \
eti rusetai \ (
he will still deliver ).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:11 @{
Ye also helping together on our behalf } (\
sunupourgount
n kai hum
n huper h
m
n \).
Genitive absolute with present active participle of late compound verb (\
sun \
and \
hupourge \
for \
hupo \
and \
ergon \).
Paul relied on God and felt the need of the prayer of God '
s people . {
By means of many } (\
ek poll
n pros
p
n \). \
Pros
pon \
means face (\
pros ,
ops \).
The word is common in all Greek .
The papyri use it for face ,
appearance ,
person .
It occurs twelve times in II Corinthians .
It certainly means face in eight of them (
3:7 ,
13 ,
18 ;
strkjv @
8:24 ;
strkjv @
10:1 ,
7 ;
strkjv @
11:20 |).
In strkjv @
5:12 |
it means outward appearance .
It may mean face or person here ,
strkjv @
2:10 ;
strkjv @
4:6 |.
It is more pictorial to take it here as face "
that out of many upturned faces "
thanks may be given (\
hina--eucharist
th
i \
first aorist passive subjunctive )
for the gift to us by means of many (\
dia pollon \).
It is indeed a difficult sentence to understand .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:12 @{
Glorying } (\
kauch
sis \).
Act of glorying ,
while in verse 14 | \
kauch
ma \
is the thing boasted of . {
The testimony of our conscience } (\
to marturion t
s suneid
se
s h
m
n \).
In apposition with \
kauch
sis \. {
Sincerity of God } (\
eilikrinei
i tou theou \).
Like \
dikaiosun
theou \ (
Romans:1:17 ;
strkjv @
3:21 |),
the God-kind of righteousness .
Songs:the God-kind (
genitive case )
of sincerity .
Late word from \
eilikrin
s \.
See on ¯
1Corinthians:5:8 |. {
Not in fleshly wisdom } (\
ouk en sophi
i sarkik
i \).
See on ¯
1Corinthians:1:17 ;
strkjv @
2:4 ,
13f |.
Paul uses \
sarkikos \
five times and it occurs only twice elsewhere in N .
T .
See on ¯
1Corinthians:3:3 |. {
We behaved ourselves } (\
anestraph
men \).
Second aorist passive indicative of \
anastreph \,
old verb ,
to turn back ,
to turn back and forth ,
to walk .
Here the passive is used as in late Greek as if middle . {
More abundantly to you-ward } (\
perissoter
s pros humas \).
They had more abundant opportunity to observe how scrupulous Paul was (
Acts:18:11 |).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:13 @{
Than what ye read } (\
all '
ha anagin
skete \).
Note comparative conjunction \\ (
than )
after \
all '\
and that after \
alla \ (
other things ,
same word in reality ), "
other than ."
Read in Greek (\
anagin
sk \)
is knowing again ,
recognizing .
See on ¯
Acts:8:30 |. {
Or even acknowledge } (\
kai epigin
skete \).
Paul is fond of such a play on words (\
anagin
skete ,
epigin
skete \)
or paronomasia .
Does he mean "
read between the lines ,"
as we say ,
by the use of \
epi \ (
additional knowledge )? {
Unto the end } (\
he
s telous \).
The report of Titus showed that the majority now at last understood Paul .
He hopes that it will last (
1Corinthians:1:8 |).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:14 @{
As also ye did acknowledge us in part } (\
kath
s kai epegn
te h
mas apo merous \).
Gracious acknowledgment (
second aorist active indicative of \
epign
sk \)
to the original Pauline party (
1Corinthians:1:12 ;
strkjv @
3:4 |)
that he had seemed to care so little for them .
And now in his hour of victory he shows that ,
if he is their ground of glorying ,
they are his also (
cf .
strkjv @
1Thessalonians:2:19f .;
strkjv @
Phillipians:2:16 |).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:15 @{
Confidence } (\
pepoith
sei \).
This late word (
LXX Philo ,
Josephus )
is condemned by the Atticists ,
but Paul uses it a half dozen times (
3:4 |
also ). {
I was minded to come } (\
eboulom
n elthein \).
Imperfect ,
I was wishing to come ,
picturing his former state of mind . {
Before unto you } (\
proteron pros humas \).
This was his former plan (\
proteron \)
while in Ephesus to go to Achaia directly from Ephesus .
This he confesses in verse 16 | "
and by you to pass into Macedonia ." {
That ye might have a second benefit } (\
hina deuteran charin sch
te \).
Or second "
joy "
if we accept \
charan \
with Westcott and Hort .
This would be a real second blessing (
or joy )
if they should have two visits from Paul .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:16 @{
And again } (\
kai palin \).
This would have been the second benefit or joy .
But he changed his plans and did not make that trip directly to Corinth ,
but came on to Macedonia first (
Acts:19:21 ;
strkjv @
20:1f .;
strkjv @
1Corinthians:16:2 ;
strkjv @
2Corinthians:2:12 |). {
To be set forward by you } (\
huph '
hum
n propemphth
nai \).
First aorist passive infinitive of \
propemp \.
Paul uses this same verb in strkjv @
Romans:15:24 |
for the same service by the Roman Christians on his proposed trip to Spain .
The Corinthians ,
especially the anti-Pauline party ,
took advantage of Paul '
s change of plans to criticize him sharply for vacillation and flippancy .
How easy it is to find fault with the preacher !
Songs:Paul has to explain his conduct .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:17 @{
Did I shew fickleness ?} (\
m
ti ara t
i elaphri
i ?\).
An indignant negative answer is called for by \
m
ti \.
The instrumental case of \
elaphri
i \
is regular after \
echr
sam
n \
from \
chraomai \,
to use . \
Elaphria \
is a late word for levity from the old adjective , \
elaphros \,
light ,
agile (
2Corinthians:10:17 ;
strkjv @
Matthew:11:30 |).
Here only in N .
T . {
Purpose } (\
bouleuomai \).
Paul raises the question of fickleness about any of his plans . {
Yea yea } (\
Nai nai \) {--
nay nay } (\
ou ou \).
See a similar repetition in strkjv @
Matthew:5:37 |.
It is plain in strkjv @
James:5:12 |
where "
the yea "
is "
yea "
and "
the nay "
is "
nay ."
That seems to be Paul '
s meaning here , "
that the Yea may be yea and the Nay may be nay ."
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:18 @{
Is not yea and nay } (\
ouk estin nai kai ou \).
He is not a Yes and No man ,
saying Yes and meaning or acting No .
Paul calls God to witness on this point .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:19 @{
Was not Yea and Nay } (\
ouk egeneto nai kai ou \). "
Did not become Yes and No ." {
But in him is yea } (\
alla Nai en aut
i gegonen \).
Rather , "
But in him Yes has become yes ,"
has proved true .
Songs:Paul appeals to the life of Christ to sustain his own veracity .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:20 @{
In him is the yea } (\
en aut
i to Nai \).
Supply \
gegonen \
from the preceding sentence , "
In him was the Yea come true ."
This applies to all God '
s promises . {
The Amen } (\
to Am
n \).
In public worship (
1Corinthians:14:16 |).
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:21 @{
Establishes } (\
bebai
n \).
Present active participle from \
bebaios \,
firm .
An apt metaphor in Corinth where confirmation of a bargain often took place (\
bebai
sis \)
as Deissmann shows (
_Bible
Studies_
,
p .
109 )
and as verse 22 |
makes plain . {
Anointed } (\
chrisas \).
From \
chri \,
to anoint ,
old verb ,
to consecrate ,
with the Holy Spirit here as in strkjv @
1John:2:20 |.
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:22 @{
Sealed us } (\
sphragisamenos h
mas \).
From \
sphragiz \
old verb ,
common in LXX and papyri for setting a seal to prevent opening (
Daniel:6:17 |),
in place of signature (
1Kings:21:18 |).
Papyri examples show a wide legal use to give validity to documents ,
to guarantee genuineness of articles as sealing sacks and chests ,
etc . (
Deissmann ,
_Bible
Studies_
,
p .
238 ;
Moulton and Milligan '
s _Vocabulary_
). {
The earnest of the Spirit } (\
ton arrab
na tou pneumatos \).
A word of Semitic origin (
possibly Phoenician )
and spelled both \
arab
n \
and \
arrab
n \.
It is common in the papyri as earnest money in a purchase for a cow or for a wife (
a dowry ).
In N .
T .
only here ;
strkjv @
5:5 ;
strkjv @
Ephesians:1:14 |.
It is part payment on the total obligation and we use the very expression today , "
earnest money ."
It is God ,
says Paul ,
who has done all this for us and God is Paul '
s pledge that he is sincere .
He will come to Corinth in due time .
This earnest of the Spirit in our hearts is the witness of the Spirit that we are God '
s .
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:23 @{
But I call God for a witness upon my soul } (\
Eg
de martura ton theon epikaloumai epi t
n em
n psuch
n \).
Solemn attestation , "
calling heaven to witness is frequent in literature from Homer onwards " (
Plummer ).
Thus God is described above (
cf .
strkjv @
1Thessalonians:2:5 ,
10 ;
strkjv @
Romans:1:9 ;
strkjv @
Galatians:1:20 ;
strkjv @
Phillipians:1:8 |). {
To spare you } (\
pheidomenos hum
n \).
Present middle participle (
causal rather than final )
of \
pheidomai \,
old verb ,
to hold back ,
to spare .
Ablative case \
hum
n \.
rwp @
2Corinthians:1:24 @{
We have lordship over } (\
kurieuomen \).
Old verb from \
kurios \,
to be lord of or over .
See strkjv @
Luke:22:25 |. {
Helpers of your joy } (\
sunergoi t
s charas hum
n \).
Co-workers (
1Corinthians:3:8 |)
in your joy .
A delicate correction to present misapprehension (\
epanorth
sis \).