Revelation:16

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rwp @Revelation:16:1 @{A great voice } (\megal ˆs ph “n ˆs \). Not an angel as in strkjv @5:2 ; strkjv @7:2 ; strkjv @10:3 ; strkjv @14:7 ,9 ,15 ,18 |, but of God as strkjv @15:8 | shows , since no one could enter the \naos \. {Pour out } (\ekcheete \). Second aorist active imperative of \ekche “\ (same form as present active imperative ). Blass would change to \ekcheate \ (clearly aorist ) as in verse 6 |. {The seven bowls } (\tas hepta phialas \). The article points to verse 7 |. rwp @Revelation:16:2 @{Went and poured out } (\ap ˆlthen kai execheen \). Second aorist active indicative of \aperchomai \ (redundant use like \hupagete \ with \ekcheete \, "go and pour out ," in verse 1 |) and of \ekche “\. Each angel "went off " to perform his task . For \execheen \ see it repeated in verses 3 ,4 ,8 ,10 ,12 ,17 |. {Into the earth } (\eis t ˆn g ˆn \). This same use of \eis \ after \execheen \ in verses 3 ,4 |. {It became } (\egeneto \). "There came " (second aorist middle indicative of \ginomai \). {A noisome and grievous sore } (\helkos kakon kai pon ˆron \). "Bad and malignant sore ." \Helkos \ is old word for a suppurated wound (Latin _ulcus_ ), here , verse 11 ; strkjv @Luke:16:21 |. See the sixth Egyptian plague (Exodus:9:10 ; strkjv @Deuteronomy:28:27 ,35 |) and strkjv @Job:2:7 |. The magicians were attacked in Egypt and the worshippers of Caesar here (13:17 ; strkjv @14:9 ,11 ; strkjv @19:20 |). rwp @Revelation:16:3 @{Into the sea } (\eis t ˆn thalassan \). Like the first Egyptian plague (Exodus:7:12-41 |) though only the Nile affected then . {Blood as of a dead man } (\haima h “s nekrou \). At the trumpet (8:11 |) the water becomes wormwood . Here \h “s nekrou \ is added to strkjv @Exodus:7:19 |, "the picture of a murdered man weltering in his blood " (Swete ). "Coagulated blood , fatal to animal life " (Moffatt ). {Every living soul } (\p ƒsa psuch ˆ z “ˆs \). "Every soul of life " (Hebraism , strkjv @Genesis:1:21 |, marked by life ). {Even the things that were in the sea } (\ta en t ˆi thalass ˆi \). "The things in the sea ," in apposition with \psuch ˆ\. Complete destruction , not partial as in strkjv @8:9 |. rwp @Revelation:16:4 @{Into the rivers and the fountains of waters } (\eis tous potamous kai tas p ˆgas t “n hudat “n \). See strkjv @8:10 | for this phrase . Contamination of the fresh-water supply by blood follows that of the sea . Complete again . rwp @Revelation:16:5 @{The angel of the waters } (\tou aggelou ton hudat “n \). Genitive case object of \ˆkousa \. See strkjv @7:1 | for the four angels in control of the winds and strkjv @14:18 | for the angel with power over fire . The rabbis spoke also of an angel with power over the earth and another over the sea . {Which art and which wast } (\ho “n kai ho ˆn \). See this peculiar idiom for God 's eternity with \ho \ as relative before \ˆn \ in strkjv @1:4 ,8 ; strkjv @4:8 |, but without \ho erchomenos \ (the coming on , the one who is to be ) there for the future as in strkjv @11:17 |. {Thou Holy One } (\ho hosios \). Nominative form , but vocative case , as often . Note both \dikaios \ and \hosios \ applied to God as in strkjv @3:1 ; strkjv @15:3f |. {Because thou didst thus judge } (\hoti tauta ekrinas \). Reason for calling God \dikaios \ and \hosios \. The punishment on the waters is deserved . First aorist active indicative of \krin “\, to judge . rwp @Revelation:16:6 @{For } (\hoti \). Second causal conjunction (\hoti \) explanatory of the first \hoti \, like the two cases of \hoti \ in strkjv @15:4 |. {They poured out } (\exechean \). Second aorist active indicative of \ekche “\ with \-an \ instead of \-on \. {Blood hast thou given them to drink } (\haima autois ded “kas pein \). \Haima \ (blood ) is the emphatic word , measure for measure for shedding the blood of saints and prophets (11:18 ; strkjv @18:24 |). Perfect active indicative of \did “mi \, and so a permanent and just punishment . \Pein \ is the abbreviated second aorist active infinitive of \pin “\ for \piein \ (\epion \). It is the epexegetical infinitive after \ded “kas \. There was no more drinking-water , but only this coagulated blood . {They are worthy } (\axioi eisin \). "Terrible antithesis " (Swete ) to strkjv @3:4 |. The asyndeton adds to it (Alford ). rwp @Revelation:16:7 @{O Lord God , the Almighty } (\Kurie ho theos ho pantokrat “r \). Just as in strkjv @15:3 | in the Song of Moses and of the Lamb , vocative with the article \ho \. "Judgments " (\kriseis \) here instead of "ways " (\hodoi \) there , and with the order of the adjectives reversed (\al ˆthinai kai dikaiai \, true and righteous ). rwp @Revelation:16:8 @{Upon the sun } (\epi ton h ˆlion \). Not \eis \ (into ) as in verses 2 ,3 ,4 |. The fourth trumpet (8:12 |) affected a third of the sun , moon , and stars with a plague of darkness , but here it is a plague of extreme heat . {To scorch with fire } (\kaumatisai en puri \). First aorist active infinitive of \kaumatiz “\, late (Plutarch , Epictetus ) causative verb (from \kauma \, heat ), in N .T . only here and verse 9 ; strkjv @Matthew:13:6 ; strkjv @Mark:4:6 |. The addition of \en puri \ (in fire , with fire ) intensifies the picture . rwp @Revelation:16:9 @{Were scorched } (\ekaumatisth ˆsan \). First aorist passive indicative of same verb . {With great heat } (\kauma mega \). Cognate accusative retained with the passive verb . Old word (from \kai “\ to burn ), in N .T . only strkjv @7:16 | and here . For blaspheming the name of God see strkjv @13:6 ; strkjv @James:2:7 ; strkjv @Romans:2:24 ; strkjv @1Timothy:6:1 |. They blamed God for the plagues . {They repented not } (\ou meteno ˆsan \). This solemn negative aorist of \metanoe “\ is a refrain like a funeral dirge (9:20f .; strkjv @16:11 |). In strkjv @11:13 | some did repent because of the earthquake . Even deserved punishment may harden the heart . {To give him glory } (\dounai aut “i doxan \). Second aorist active infinitive of \did “mi \, almost result . For the phrase see strkjv @11:13 ; strkjv @14:7 ; strkjv @19:7 |. rwp @Revelation:16:10 @{Upon the throne of the beast } (\epi ton thronon tou th ˆriou \). That is Rome (13:2 |). The dragon gave the beast his throne (2:13 |). {Was darkened } (\egeneto eskot “men ˆ\). Periphrastic past perfect passive with \ginomai \ and \skoto “\ (9:2 |). Like the darkness of the Egyptian plague (Exodus:10:22 |) and worse , for the effects of the previous plagues continue . {They gnawed their tongues } (\emas “nto tas gl “ssas aut “n \). Imperfect middle of \masaomai \, old verb (to chew ), from \ma “\ (to knead ), only here in N .T . {For pain } (\ek tou ponou \). "Out of distress " (cf . \ek \ in strkjv @8:13 |), rare sense of old word (from \penomai \ to work for one 's living ), in N .T . only here , strkjv @21:4 ; strkjv @Colossians:4:13 |. See strkjv @Matthew:8:12 |. rwp @Revelation:16:11 @{They blasphemed } (\eblasph ˆm ˆsan \) {and they repented not } (\kai ou meteno ˆsan \). Precisely as in verse 9 |, which see . Not just because of the supernatural darkness , but also "because of their pains " (\ek t “n pon “n aut “n \, plural here and same use of \ek \) and their sores (\kai ek t “n helk “n aut “n \, as in verse 2 |, only plural , and same use of \ek \). {Of their works } (\ek t “n erg “n aut “n \). "Out of their deeds ," and addition to verse 9 |. {The God of heaven } (\ton theon tou ouranou \). As in strkjv @Daniel:2:44 |. Like the pride of Nebuchadrezzar against Jehovah . rwp @Revelation:16:12 @{Upon the great river , the river Euphrates } (\epi ton potamon ton megan ton Euphrat ˆn \). The sixth trumpet brings up the river Euphrates also (9:14 |), only there \epi \ with the locative , while here \epi \ with the accusative . Note triple use of the article \ton \ here . {Was dried up } (\ex ˆranth ˆ\). First aorist (prophetic ) passive of \x ˆrain “\ (14:15 |). Cf . strkjv @Zechariah:10:11 |. {That may be made ready } (\hina hetoimasth ˆi \). Purpose clause with \hina \ and the first aorist passive of \hetoimaz “\. Common verb in Rev . (8:6 ; strkjv @9:7 ,15 ; strkjv @12:6 ; strkjv @19:7 ; strkjv @21:2 |). {The way for the kings } (\h ˆ hodos t “n basile “n \). Objective genitive \basile “n \. {That come from the sunrising } (\t “n apo anatol ˆs heliou \). "Those from the rising of the sun ," the kings from the east (cf . strkjv @Matthew:2:2 |) in their march against Rome . Parthia in particular resisted Rome before Trajan 's day . rwp @Revelation:16:13 @{Coming out of } (\ek \ alone , no participle \erchomena \). {Of the dragon } (\tou drakontos \). That is Satan (12:3 ,9 |). {Of the beast } (\tou th ˆriou \). The first beast (13:1 ,12 |) and then just the beast (13:14ff .; strkjv @14:9 ,11 ; strkjv @15:2 ; strkjv @16:2 ,10 |), the brute force of the World-power represented by the Roman Empire " (Swete ). {Of the false prophet } (\tou pseudoproph ˆtou \). Cf . strkjv @Matthew:7:15 ; strkjv @Acts:13:6 ; strkjv @1John:2:22 ; strkjv @4:3 ; strkjv @2John:1:7 |. Identified with the second beast (13:11-14 |) in strkjv @19:20 ; strkjv @20:10 |. Songs:the sixth bowl introduces the dragon and his two subalterns of chapters strkjv @Revelation:12 ; 13 | (the two beasts ). {Three unclean spirits } (\pneumata tria akatharta \). Out of the mouths of each of the three evil powers (the dragon and the two beasts ) comes an evil spirit . See the use of mouth in strkjv @1:16 | (9:17f .; strkjv @11:5 ; strkjv @12:15 ; strkjv @19:15 ,21 |) as a chief seat of influence . In strkjv @2Thessalonians:2:8 | we have "the breath of his mouth " (the other sense of \pneuma \). For \akatharton \ (unclean ) with \pneuma \ see strkjv @Mark:1:23f .; strkjv @3:11 ; strkjv @5:2ff .; strkjv @Acts:5:16 ; strkjv @8:7 |. Christ expelled unclean spirits , but His enemies send them forth " (Swete ). See strkjv @Zechariah:13:2 | "the false prophets and the unclean spirits ." {As it were frogs } (\h “s batrachoi \). Cf . strkjv @Exodus:8:5 ; strkjv @Leviticus:11:10ff |. Old word , here alone in N .T . Like loathsome frogs in form . rwp @Revelation:16:14 @{Spirits of devils } (\pneumata daimoni “n \). "Spirits of demons ." Explanation of the simile \h “s batrachoi \. See strkjv @1Timothy:4:1 | about "deceiving spirits and teachings of demons ." {Working signs } (\poiounta s ˆmeia \). "Doing signs " (present active participle of \poie “\). The Egyptian magicians wrought "signs " (tricks ), as did Simon Magus and later Apollonius of Tyana . Houdini claimed that he could reproduce every trick of the spiritualistic mediums . {Which go forth } (\ha ekporeuetai \). Singular verb with neuter plural (collective ) subject . {Unto the kings } (\epi tous basileis \). The three evil spirits (dragon and the two beasts ) spur on the kings of the whole world to a real world war . "There have been times when nations have been seized by a passion for war which the historian can but imperfectly explain " (Swete ). {To gather them together } (\sunagagein \). Second aorist active infinitive of \sunag “\, to express purpose (that of the unclean spirits ). {Unto the war of the great day of God , the Almighty } (\eis ton polemon t ˆs h ˆmeras t ˆs megal ˆs tou theou tou pantokratoros \). Some take this to be war between nations , like strkjv @Mark:13:8 |, but it is more likely war against God (Psalms:2:2 |) and probably the battle pictured in strkjv @17:14 ; strkjv @19:19 |. Cf . strkjv @2Peter:3:12 |, "the day of God ," his reckoning with the nations . See strkjv @Joel:2:11 ; strkjv @3:4 |. Paul uses "that day " for the day of the Lord Jesus (the Parousia ) as in strkjv @1Thessalonians:5:2 ; strkjv @2Thessalonians:1:10 ; strkjv @2:2 ; strkjv @1Corinthians:1:8 ; strkjv @2Corinthians:1:14 ; strkjv @Phillipians:1:6 ; strkjv @2:16 ; strkjv @2Timothy:1:12 ,18 ; strkjv @4:8 |. rwp @Revelation:16:15 @{Behold , I come as a thief } (\idou erchomai h “s klept ˆs \). The voice of Christ breaks in with the same metaphor as in strkjv @3:3 |, which see . There comes one of seven beatitudes in Rev . (1:3 ; strkjv @14:13 ; strkjv @16:15 ; strkjv @19:9 ; strkjv @20:6 ; strkjv @22:7 ,14 |). For \gr ˆgor “n \ (watching ) see strkjv @3:2 |, and for \t ˆr “n \ (keeping ), strkjv @1:3 |. {Lest he walk naked } (\hina m ˆ gumnos peripat ˆi \). Negative purpose clause with \hina m ˆ\ and the present active subjunctive of \peripate “\, and note predicate nominative \gumnos \ (naked ). {And they see his shame } (\kai blep “sin t ˆn asch ˆmosun ˆn autou \). Continuation of the final clause with present active subjunctive of \blep “\. \Asch ˆmosun ˆn \ is old word (from \asch ˆm “n \, indecent , strkjv @1Corinthians:12:23 |), in N .T . only here and strkjv @Romans:1:27 |, a euphemism for \t ˆn aischun ˆn \ (Revelation:3:18 |). rwp @Revelation:16:16 @{They gathered } (\sun ˆgagen \). Second aorist active indicative of \sunag “\, singular (the three unclean spirits ), like \ekporeuetai \ in verse 14 |. {Har-Magedon } (\Har-Maged “n \). John proceeds now after the interruption in verse 15 |. Perhaps "the mountains of Megiddo " though not certain . Megiddo is in the valley of Esdraelon , and by the waters of Megiddo (the Kishon ) Israel gained a decisive victory over Sisera (Judges:5:19 |), celebrated in Deborah 's song . See also strkjv @Revelation:20:8ff . and strkjv @Ezekiel:39:2 ,4 |. rwp @Revelation:16:17 @{Upon the air } (\epi ton aera \). All men breathe the air and this is worse than the smiting of the earth (verse 2 |), the sea (3 |), the fresh waters (4 |), the sun (8 |). {A great voice } (\ph “n ˆ megal ˆ\). The voice of God as in strkjv @16:1 |. {It is done } (\Gegonen \). Perfect active indicative of \ginomai \. Like \Gegonan \ in strkjv @21:6 |. The whole series of plagues is now complete . rwp @Revelation:16:18 @{And there were } (\kai egenonto \). "And there came " (same verb _ginomai_ ). See strkjv @8:5 ; strkjv @11:19 | for this list of terrible sounds and lightnings , and for the great earthquake (\seismos megas \) see strkjv @6:12 ; strkjv @11:13 | (cf . strkjv @Luke:21:11 |). {Such as was not } (\hoios ouk egeneto \). Qualitative relative with \ginomai \ again , "such as came not ." {Since there were men } (\aph ' hou anthr “poi egenonto \). "Since which time (\chronou \ understood ) men came ." {Songs:great an earthquake , so mighty } (\t ˆlikoutos seismos hout “ megas \). Quantitative correlative \t ˆlikoutos \ rather than the qualitative \toioutos \, to correspond with \hoios \ (not \hosos \). And then \hout “ megas \ repeats (redundant ) \t ˆlikoutos \. Cf . strkjv @Mark:13:19 | for \hoia--toiaut ˆ\ about like tribulation (\thlipsis \). rwp @Revelation:16:19 @{Was divided into three parts } (\egeneto eis tria mer ˆ\). "Came into three parts " (\ginomai \ again ). In strkjv @11:3 | a tenth part of the city fell . Babylon (Rome ) is meant (17:18 |). {Fell } (\epesan \). Second aorist active indicative of \pipt “\ (\-an \ form in place of \-on \). {Was remembered } (\emn ˆsth ˆ\). First aorist (prophetic ) passive indicative of \mimn ˆsk “\. Babylon (Rome ) had not been overlooked . God was simply biding his time with Rome . {To give unto her } (\dounai aut ˆi \). Second aorist active infinitive of \did “mi \, epexegetic use as in strkjv @11:18 ; strkjv @16:9 |. {The cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath } (\to pot ˆrion tou oinou tou thumou t ˆs org ˆs autou \). "The cup of the wine of the wrath of his anger ," using both \thumos \ (boiling rage ) and \org ˆ\ (settled anger ). See both in strkjv @Jeremiah:30:24 |. rwp @Revelation:16:20 @{Fled } (\ephugen \). Second aorist active indicative of \pheug “\. Islands sometimes sink in the sea in earthquakes (6:14 |). {Were not found } (\ouch heureth ˆsan \). First aorist passive indicative of \heurisk “\. See strkjv @20:11 | for the same idea . rwp @Revelation:16:21 @{Hail } (\chalaza \). As in strkjv @8:17 ; strkjv @11:19 |. {Every stone about the weight of a talent } (\h “s talantiaia \). Old adjective (from \talanton \), here only in N .T ., but in Polybius and Josephus . See strkjv @Exodus:9:24 | for the great hail in Egypt and also strkjv @Joshua:10:11 ; strkjv @Isaiah:28:2 ; strkjv @Ezekiel:38:22 | for hail as the symbol of God 's wrath . In the LXX a \talanton \ ranged in weight from 108 to 130 pounds . {Because of the plague of hail } (\ek t ˆs pl ˆg ˆs t ˆs chalaz ˆs \). "As a result of the plague of hail ." This punishment had the same effect as in verses 9 ,11 |. {Exceeding great } (\Megal ˆ--sphrodra \). Emphatic positions at ends of the clause (great--exceedingly ).

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