Dict: all - Roman

tcr.html:

smith:

ROMAN EMPIRE - R>@ - The first historic mention of Rome in the Bible is in 1 Macc. kjv@1:10, about the year 161 B.C. in the year 65 B.C., when Syria was made a Roman province by Pompey, the Jews were still governed by one of the Asmonaean princes. The next year Pompey himself marched an army into Judea and took Jerusalem. From this time the Jews were practically under the government of Rome. Finally, Antipater’s son Herod the Great was made king by Antony’s interest, B.C. 40, and confirmed in the kingdom by Augustus, B.C. 30. The Jews, however, were all this time tributaries of Rome, and their princes in reality were Roman procurators, On the banishment of Archelaus, A.D. 6, Judea became a mere appendage of the province of Syria, and was governed by a Roman procurator, who resided at Caesarea. Such were the relations of the Jewish people to the Roman government at the time when the New Testament history begins. Extent of the empire .
Cicero’s description of the Greek states and colonies as a "fringe on the skirts of barbarism" has been well applied to the Roman dominions before the conquests of Pompey and Caesar. The Roman empire was still confined to a narrow strip encircling the Mediterranean Sea. Pompey added Asia Minor and Syria. Caesar added Gaul. The generals of Augustus overran the northwest Portion of Spain and the country between the Alps and the Danube. The boundaries of the empire were now the Atlantic on the west, the Euphrates on the east, the deserts of Africa, the cataracts of the Nile and the Arabian deserts on the south, the British Channel, the Rhine, the Danube and the Black Sea on the north. The only subsequent conquests of importance were those of Britain by Claudius and of Dacia by Trajan. The only independent powers of importance were the Parthians on the east and the Germans on the north. The population of the empire in the time of Augustus has been calculated at 85,000,000. The provinces .
The usual fate of a country conquered by Rome was to be come a subject province, governed directly from Rome by officers sent out for that purpose. Sometimes, however, petty sovereigns were left in possession of a nominal independence on the borders or within the natural limits of the province. Augustus divided the provinces into two classes

(1) Imperial;

(2) Senatorial; retaining in his own hands, for obvious reasons, those provinces where the presence of a large military force was necessary, and committing the peaceful and unarmed provinces to the senate. The New Testament writers invariably designate the governors of senatorial provinces by the correct title anthupatoi , proconsuls. kjv@Acts:13:7 kjv@Acts:18:12 kjv@Acts:19:38 ) For the governor of an imperial province, properly styled "legatus Caesaris," the word hegemon (governor) is used in the New Testament. The provinces were heavily taxed for the benefit of Rome and her citizens. They are said to have been better governed under the empire than under the commonwealth, and those of the emperor better than those of the senate. The condition of the Roman empire at the time when Christianity appeared has often been dwelt upon as affording obvious illustrations of St. Paul’s expression that the "fullness of time had come." kjv@Galatians:4:4) The general peace within the limits of the empire the formation of military roads, the suppression of piracy, the march of the legions, the voyages of the corn fleets, the general in crease of traffic, the spread of the Latin language in the West as Greek had already spread in the East, the external unity of the empire, offered facilities hitherto unknown for the spread of a world-wide religion. The tendency, too, of despotism like that of the Roman empire to reduce all its subjects to a dead level was a powerful instrument in breaking down the pride of privileged races and national religious, and familiarizing men with the truth that "God had made of one blood all nations on the face of the earth." kjv@Acts:17:24-26) Put still more striking than this outward preparation for the diffusion of the gospel was the appearance of a deep and wide-spread corruption, which seemed to defy any human remedy.

ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE - R>@ - The date of this epistle is fixed at the time of the visit recorded in kjv@Acts:20:3 during the winter and spring following the apostle’s long residence at Ephesus A.D. 58. On this visit he remained in Greece three months. The place of writing was Corinth. The occasion which prompted it,,and the circumstances attending its writing, were as follows:
St. Paul had long purposed visiting Rome, and still retained this purpose, wishing also to extend his journey to Spain. Etom. kjv@1:9-13; 15:22-29. For the time, however, he was prevented from carrying out his design, as he was bound for Jerusalem with the alms of the Gentile Christians, and meanwhile he addressed this letter to the Romans, to supply the lack of his personal teaching. Phoebe, a deaconess of the neighboring church of Cenchreae, was on the point of starting for Rome, ch. kjv@Romans:16:1-2) and probably conveyed the letter. The body of the epistle was written at the apostle’s dictation by Tertius, ch. kjv@Romans:16:22) but perhaps we may infer, from the abruptness of the final doxology, that it was added by the apostle himself. The origin of the Roman church is involved in obscurity. If it had been founded by St. Peter according to a later tradition, the absence of any allusion to him both in this epistle and in the letters written by St. Paul from Rome would admit of no explanation. It is equally clear that no other apostle was like founder. The statement in the Clementines
that the first tidings of the gospel reached Rome during the lifetime of our Lord is evidently a fiction for the purposes of the romance. On the other hand, it is clear that the foundation of this church dates very far back. It may be that some of these Romans, "both Jews and proselytes," present. On the day of Pentecost kjv@Acts:2:10) carried back the earliest tidings of the new doctrine; or the gospel may have first reached the imperial city through those who were scattered abroad to escape the persecution which followed on the death of Stephen. kjv@Acts:8:4 kjv@Acts:11:10) At first we may suppose that the gospel had preached there in a confused and imperfect form, scarcely more than a phase of Judaism, as in the case of Apollos at Corinth, kjv@Acts:18:25) or the disciples at Ephesus. kjv@Acts:19:1-3) As time advanced and better-instructed teachers arrived the clouds would gradually clear away, fill at length the presence of the great apostle himself at Rome dispersed the mists of Judaism which still hung about the Roman church. A question next arises as to the composition of the Roman church at the time when St. Paul wrote. It is more probable that St. Paul addressed a mixed church of Jews and Gentiles, the latter perhaps being the more numerous. These Gentile converts, however, were not for the most part native Romans. Strange as the: paradox appears, nothing is more certain than that the church of Rome was at this time a Greek and not a Latin church. All the literature of the early Roman church was written in the Greek tongue. The heterogeneous composition of this church explains the general character of the Epistle to the Romans. In an assemblage so various we should expect to find, not the exclusive predominance of a single form of error, but the coincidence of different and opposing forms. It was: therefore the business of the Christian teacher to reconcile the opposing difficulties and to hold out a meeting-point in the gospel. This is exactly what St. Paul does in the Epistle to the Romans. In describing the purport of this epistle we may start from St. Paul’s own words, which, standing at the beginning of the doctrinal portion, may be taken as giving a summary of the contents. ch. kjv@Romans:1:16-17) Accordingly the epistle has been described as comprising "the religious philosophy of the world’s history "The atonement of Christ is the centre of religious history. The epistle, from its general character, lends itself more readily to an analysis than is often the case with St. Paul’s epistles. While this epistle contains the fullest and most systematic exposition of the apostle’s teaching , it is at the same time a very striking expression of his character . Nowhere do his earnest and affectionate nature and his tact and delicacy in handling unwelcome topics appear more strongly than when he is dealing with the rejection of his fellow country men the Jews. Internal evidence is so strongly in favor of the genuineness of the Epistle to the Romans that it has never been seriously questioned.

easton:

Romans, Epistle to the @ This epistle was probably written at Corinth. Phoebe kjv@Romans:16:1) of Cenchrea conveyed it to Rome, and Gaius of Corinth entertained the apostle at the time of his writing it (16:23; kjv@1Corinthians:1:14), and Erastus was chamberlain of the city, i.e., of Corinth ( kjv@2Timothy:4:20). The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the apostle was about to "go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints", i.e., at the close of his second visit to Greece, during the winter preceding his last visit to that city kjv@Romans:15:25; comp. kjv@Acts:19:21 kjv@Acts:20:2-3, 16; kjv@1Corinthians:16:1-4), early in A.D. 58. It is highly probable that Christianity was planted in Rome by some of those who had been at Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost kjv@Acts:2:10). At this time the Jews were very numerous in Rome, and their synagogues were probably resorted to by Romans also, who in this way became acquainted with the great facts regarding Jesus as these were reported among the Jews. Thus a church composed of both Jews and Gentiles was formed at Rome. Many of the brethren went out to meet Paul on his approach to Rome. There are evidences that Christians were then in Rome in considerable numbers, and had probably more than one place of meeting kjv@Romans:16:14-15). The object of the apostle in writing to this church was to explain to them the great doctrines of the gospel. His epistle was a "word in season." Himself deeply impressed with a sense of the value of the doctrines of salvation, he opens up in a clear and connected form the whole system of the gospel in its relation both to Jew and Gentile. This epistle is peculiar in this, that it is a systematic exposition of the gospel of universal application. The subject is here treated argumentatively, and is a plea for Gentiles addressed to Jews. In the Epistle to the Galatians, the same subject is discussed, but there the apostle pleads his own authority, because the church in Galatia had been founded by him. After the introduction (1:1-15), the apostle presents in it divers aspects and relations the doctrine of justification by faith (1:16-11:36) on the ground of the imputed righteousness of Christ. He shows that salvation is all of grace, and only of grace. This main section of his letter is followed by various practical exhortations (12:1-15:13), which are followed by a conclusion containing personal explanations and salutations, which contain the names of twenty-four Christians at Rome, a benediction, and a doxology kjv@Romans:15:14-ch. 16).

tcr.html2:

torrey:

Roman Empire, the @ Called the world from its extent kjv@Luke:2:1
Represented by the
Legs of iron in Nebuchadnezzar's vision kjv@Daniel:2:33 kjv@Daniel:2:40
Terrible beast in Daniel's vision kjv@Daniel:7:7 kjv@Daniel:7:19
Rome the capitol of kjv@Acts:18:2 kjv@Acts:19:21
Judea a province of, under a procurator or a governor kjv@Luke:3:2 kjv@Acts:23:34 kjv@Acts:23:26 kjv@Acts:25:1
Allusions to military affairs of
Strict obedience to superiors kjv@Matthew:8:8 kjv@Matthew:8:9
Use of the panoply or defensive armour kjv@Romans:13:12 kjv@2Corinthians:6:7 kjv@Ephesians:6:11-17
Soldiers not allowed to entangle themselves with earthly cares kjv@2Timothy:2:4
Hardship endured by soldiers kjv@2Timothy:2:3
The soldier's special comrade who shared his toils and dangers kjv@Philippians:2:25
Danger of sentinels' sleeping kjv@Matthew:28:13 kjv@Matthew:28:14
Expunging from the muster roll name of soldiers guilty of crimes kjv@Revelation:3:5
Crowning of soldiers who distinguished themselves kjv@2Timothy:4:7 kjv@2Timothy:4:8
Triumphs of victorious generals kjv@2Corinthians:2:14-16 kjv@Colossians:2:15
Different military officers kjv@Acts:21:31 kjv@Acts:23:23 kjv@Acts:23:24
Italian and Augustus' band kjv@Acts:10:1 kjv@Acts:27:1
Allusions to judicial affairs of
Person accused, examined by scourging kjv@Acts:22:24 kjv@Acts:22:29
Criminals delivered over to the soldiers for execution kjv@Matthew:27:26 kjv@Matthew:27:27
Accusation in writing placed over the head of those executed kjv@John:19:19
Garments of those executed given to the soldiers kjv@Matthew:27:35 kjv@John:19:23
Prisoners chained to soldiers for safety kjv@Acts:21:33 kjv@Acts:12:6 kjv@2Timothy:1:16 kjv@Acts:28:16
Accusers and accused confronted together kjv@Acts:23:35 kjv@Acts:25:16-19
Accused person protected from popular violence kjv@Acts:23:20 kjv@Acts:23:24-27
Power of life and death vested in its authorities kjv@John:18:31 kjv@John:18:39 kjv@John:18:40 kjv@John:19:10
All appeals made to the emperor kjv@Acts:25:11 kjv@Acts:25:12
Those who appealed to Caesar, to be brought before him kjv@Acts:26:32
Allusions to citizenship of
Obtained by purchase kjv@Acts:22:28
Obtained by birth kjv@Acts:22:28
Exempted from the degradation scourging kjv@Acts:16:37 kjv@Acts:16:38 kjv@Acts:22:25
Allusions to grecian game adapted by
Gladiatorial fights kjv@1Corinthians:4:9 kjv@1Corinthians:15:32
Foot races kjv@1Corinthians:9:24 kjv@Philippians:2:16 kjv@Philippians:3:11-14 kjv@Hebrews:12:1 kjv@Hebrews:12:2
Wrestling kjv@Ephesians:6:12
Training of combatants kjv@1Corinthians:9:25 kjv@1Corinthians:9:27
Crowning of conquerors kjv@1Corinthians:9:25 kjv@Philippians:3:14 kjv@2Timothy:4:8
Rules observed in conducting kjv@2Timothy:2:5
Emperors of, mentioned
Tiberius kjv@Luke:3:1
Augustus kjv@Luke:2:1
Claudius kjv@Acts:11:28
Nero kjv@Philippians:4:22 kjv@2Timothy:4:22
Predictions respecting
Its universal dominion kjv@Daniel:7:23
Its division into ten parts kjv@Daniel:2:41-43 kjv@Daniel:7:20 kjv@Daniel:7:24
Origin of papal power in kjv@Daniel:7:8 kjv@Daniel:7:20-25

tcr.1:

naves:

ROMAN EMPIRE @
- Ruled by .Augustus Caesar kjv@Luke:2:1 .Tiberius Caesar kjv@Luke:3:1 .Claudius Caesar kjv@Acts:18:2 .Nero kjv@Philippians:4:22
- Citizenship in .By birth kjv@Acts:22:28 .By purchase kjv@Acts:22:28
- The rights of citizens kjv@Acts:16:37; kjv@Acts:22:25-29
- The right of trial kjv@Acts:25:16
- The right of appeal kjv@Acts:25:10 kjv@Acts:25:21

filter-bible-link.pl:

hitchcock:

kjv@STRING:Roman <HITCHCOCK>@ strong; powerful - HITCHCOCK-R

tcr:

strongs:

H178 <STRHEB>@ אוב 'ôb obe From the same as H1 (apparently through the idea of prattling a father´ s name); properly a {mumble} that {is} a water skin (from its hollow sound); hence a necromancer ({ventriloquist} as from a jar): - {bottle} familiar spirit.

H3794 <STRHEB>@ כּתּיּי כּתּי kittîy kittîyîy {kit-tee'} kit-tee-ee' Patrial from an unused name denoting Cyprus (only in the plural); a Kittite or Cypriote; hence an islander in {general} that {is} the Greeks or Romans on the shores opposite Palestine: - {Chittim} Kittim.

H328 <STRHEB>@ אט 'aţ at From an unused root perhaps meaning to move softly; (as a noun) a necromancer (from their soft {incantations}) (as an adverb) gently: - {charmer} {gently} {secret} softly.

G1042 <STRGRK>@ γαββαθά gabbatha gab-bath-ah' Of Chaldee origin (compare [H1355]); the knoll; gabbatha a vernacular term for the Roman tribunal in Jerusalem: - Gabbatha.

G1058 <STRGRK>@ Γαλλίων Galliōn gal-lee'-own Of Latin origin; Gallion (that is Gallio) a Roman officer: - Gallio

G1409 <STRGRK>@ Δρούσιλλα Drousilla droo'-sil-lah A feminine diminutive of Drusus (a Roman name); Drusilla a member of the Herodian family: - Drusilla.

G1885 <STRGRK>@ ἐπαρχία eparchia ep-ar-khee'-ah From a compound of G1909 and G757 (meaning a governor of a district eparch); a special region of government that is a Roman praefecture: - province.

G2541 <STRGRK>@ Καῖσαρ Kaisar Kah'ee-sar Of Latin origin; Caesar a title of the Roman emperor: - Csar.

G2804 <STRGRK>@ Κλαύδιος Klaudios klow'-dee-os Of Latin origin; Claudius the name of two Romans: - Claudius.

G2862 <STRGRK>@ κολωνία kolōnia kol-o-nee'-ah Of Latin origin; a Roman colony for veterans: - colony.

G2883 <STRGRK>@ Κορνήλιος Kornēlios kor-nay'-lee-os Of Latin original; Cornelius a Roman: - Cornelius.

G2892 <STRGRK>@ κουστωδία koustōdia koos-to-dee'-ah Of Latin origin; custody that is a Roman sentry: - watch.

G2958 <STRGRK>@ Κυρήνιος Kurēnios koo-ray'-nee-os Of Latin origin; Cyrenius (that is Quirinus) a Roman: - Cyrenius.

G291 <STRGRK>@ Ἀμπλίας Amplias am-plee'-as Contracted for the Latin ampliatus (enlarged); Amplias a Roman Christian: - Amplias.

G3003 <STRGRK>@ λεγεών legeōn leg-eh-ohn' Of Latin origin; a legion that is Roman regiment (figuratively): - legion.

G3032 <STRGRK>@ Λιβερτῖνος Libertinos lib-er-tee'-nos Of Latin origin; a Roman freedman: - Libertine.

G3038 <STRGRK>@ λιθόστρωτος lithostrōtos lith-os'-tro-tos From G3037 and a derivative of G4766; stone strewed that is a tessellated mosaic on which the Roman tribunal was placed: - Pavement.

G3079 <STRGRK>@ Λυσίας Lusias loo-see'-as Of uncertain affinity; Lysias a Roman: - Lysias.

G3148 <STRGRK>@ μάστιξ mastix mas'-tix Probably from the base of G3145 (through the idea of contact); a whip (literally the Roman flagellum for criminals; figuratively a disease): - plague scourging.

G3488 <STRGRK>@ Νάρκισσος Narkissos nar'-kis-sos A flower of the same name from νάρκη narkē (stupefaction as a narcotic); Narcissus a Roman: - Narcissus.

G3505 <STRGRK>@ Νέρων Nerōn ner'-ohn Of Latin origin; Neron (that is Nero) a Roman emperor: - Nero.

G3625 <STRGRK>@ οἰκουμένη oikoumenē oy-kou-men'-ay Feminine participle present passive of G3611 (as noun by implication of G1093); land that is the (terrene part of the) globe; specifically the Roman empire: - earth world.

G3972 <STRGRK>@ Παῦλος Paulos pow'-los Of Latin origin; (little; but remotely from a derivative of G3973 meaning the same); Paulus the name of a Roman and of an apostle: - Paul Paulus.

G4091 <STRGRK>@ Πιλάτος Pilatos pil-at'-os Of Latin origin; close pressed that is firm; Pilatus a Roman: - Pilate.

G4194 <STRGRK>@ Πόντιος Pontios pon'-tee-os Of Latin origin; apparently bridged; Pontius a Roman: - Pontius.

G4196 <STRGRK>@ Πόπλιος Poplios pop'-lee-os Of Latin origin; apparently popular; Poplius (that is Publius) a Roman: - Publius.

G4201 <STRGRK>@ Πόρκιος Porkios por'-kee-os Of Latin origin; apparently swinish; Porcius a Roman: - Porcius.

G4465 <STRGRK>@ ῥαβδοῦχος rhabdouchos hrab-doo'-khos From G4464 and G2192; a rod (the Latin fasces) holder that is a Roman lictor (constable or executioner): - serjeant.

G4514 <STRGRK>@ Ῥωμαῖος Rhōmaios hro-mah'-yos From G4516; Romaean that is Roman (as noun): - Roman of Rome.

G4575 <STRGRK>@ σεβαστός sebastos seb-as-tos' From G4573; venerable (august) that is (as noun) a title of the Roman Emperor or (as adjective) imperial: - Augustus (-´ ).

G4588 <STRGRK>@ Σέργιος Sergios serg'-ee-os Of Lat origin; Sergius a Roman: - Sergius.

G4607 <STRGRK>@ σικάριος sikarios sik-ar'-ee-os Of Latin origin; a dagger man or assassin; a freebooter (Jewish fanatic outlawed by the Romans): - murderer. Compare G5406.

G4686 <STRGRK>@ σπεῖρα speira spi'-rah Of immediate Latin origin but ultimately a derivative of G138 in the sense of its cognate G1507; a coil (spira spire) that is (figuratively) a mass of men (a Roman military cohort; also [by analogy] a squad of Levitical janitors): - band.

G446 <STRGRK>@ ἀνθύπατος anthupatos anth-oo'-pat-os From G473 and a superlative of G5228; instead of the highest officer that is (specifically) a Roman proconsul: - deputy.

G5061 <STRGRK>@ Τέρτυλλος Tertullos ter'-tool-los Of uncertain derivation; Tertullus a Roman: - Tertullus.

G5069 <STRGRK>@ τετράδιον tetradion tet-rad'-ee-on Neuter of a presumed derivative of τέτρας tetras (a tetrad; from G5064); a quaternion or squad (picket) of four Roman soldiers: - quaternion.

G5086 <STRGRK>@ Τιβέριος Tiberios tib-er'-ee-os Of Latin origin; probably pertaining to the river Tiberis or Tiber; Tiberius a Roman emperor: - Tiberius.

G5344 <STRGRK>@ Φῆλιξ Phēlix fay'-lix Of Latin origin; happy; Phelix (that is Felix) a Roman: - Felix.

G5347 <STRGRK>@ Φῆστος Phēstos face'-tos Of Latin derivation; festal; Phestus (that is Festus) a Roman: - Festus.

G5416 <STRGRK>@ φραγέλλιον phragellion frag-el'-le-on Neuter of a derivative from the base of G5417; a whip that is Roman lash as a public punishment: - scourge.

G675 <STRGRK>@ Ἄππιος Appios ap'-pee-os Of Latin origin; (in the genitive that is possessive case) of Appius the name of a Roman: - Appii.

G787 <STRGRK>@ ἀσσάριον assarion as-sar'-ee-on Of Latin origin; an assarius or as a Roman coin: - farthing.

G828 <STRGRK>@ Αὔγουστος Augoustos ow'-goos-tos From Latin (august); Augustus a title of the Roman emperor: - Augustus.